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Liberal Arts
› 1 Introduction
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Liberal Arts
1 Introduction
Jaar 1 (universiteit)
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Humorism = An ancient school of thought concerned with the balance of the body’s naturally produced substances: bile, blood and phlegm Cognitivism = A school of thought concerned with human cognition Behaviourism = A school of thought concerned with purely observable and measurable human and animal behaviour Dualist/dualism = a perspective which states the mind and body exist as separate entities which contribute toward the sense of reality Idealism = a perspective that states that the only reality is that created by the mind Materialism = a perspective that states that the only reality is that experienced by the body Monist/monism = a perspective that states that either the mind or the body exists independently. There is only one reality and that may be through the mind (idealism) or the body (materialism) Evolutionary theories = theories that behaviour and experience have developed through centuries of genetic mutation, evolution and survival of the fittest Functionalism = an approach that is concerned with identifying the functions that behaviour and experience serve Introspection = a technique developed by Wundt (1902) to study the subjective experience of patients based on their description of their thoughts and feelings Structuralism = an approach that is concerned with studying how the structure and organisation of the mind influence behaviour and experience Diathesis-stress = a theoretical model that states that behaviour and experience are produced by both biological and environmental factors Nature-nurture = a theoretical debate surrounding the topic of whether an individual’s behaviour and experience are determined and inevitable due to biological factors, or undetermined and changeable due to environmental factors Neurotransmitter = a naturally occurring chemical produced in the body at the terminal buttons of neurons, which facilitates the transmission of actions potentials across synaptic gaps. The activation threshold and compatibility of the postsynaptic receptor cells will determine their efficiency. Neurotransmitters can have excitatory or inhibitory effects. Bloodletting = an ancient technique of releasing blood from the body in an attempt to restore balance Lesions = the severing of connections or damage to structures in the brain Obsessive compulsive disorder = a psychological condition in which individuals experience extreme anxiety, obsessive thoughts and compulsions to perform actions, which they believe relieve anxiety Trepanning = an ancient technique in which holes are drilled in the skull in an attempt to relieve pressure Unipolar depression = a psychological condition characterised by unusual low mood, lethargy, negative thoughts and negative emotions Neuroimaging = a procedure in which neurological imaging technology is used to visualise and record the activity in the brain Approaches in biopsychology Converging operations = combining two or more different approaches or techniques to study the same phenomenon at different levels of analysis Aphagia = a condition in which a neurologically damaged individual case ceases to eat Physiological psychology = an approach in psychology, which attempts to identity the neural correlates of behaviour and experience, often in laboratory animals Psychophysiology = an approach in psychology, which investigates the correspondence between physiological activity, behaviour and experience in human subjects Connectionist = a computational model used to simulate human performance and neural activity Neuroscience = an approach in psychology, which attempts to identity the neural correlates of cognition using a combination of physiological, experimental and computational measures Reductionist/reductionism = attempting to explain a higher order function based on lower order processes Aphasia = a deficit in language usually produced through brain damage Double dissociation = observed when one brain-damaged patient shows one pattern of impairment while another shows a different pattern in impairment. Potentially due to the damage of different cerebral structures Neuropsychology = an approach in psychology, which attempts to identify both normal and impaired human function, usually through studying the effects of brain damage Anxiety disorder = a psychological condition characterised by high levels of stress and anxiety, usually elicited by an external stimuli but also influenced by internal processes Clinical trial = the procedure by which medications are tested and legalised Psychopharmacology = an approach in psychology, which is concerned with the effects of medication on behaviour and experience Serendipitous = findings that were observed but were not originally the subject of the investigation Schizophrenia = a severe condition in which sufferers experience hallucinations, delusions, speech impairment, irrationality, unusual motor activity and impairment in most aspects of their lives Adoption study = the comparison of siblings reared together or part to assess heredity Behavioural genetics = an approach in psychology, which attempts to identity what proportion of the variance in a trait or behaviour can be attributed to genetics and to the environment Dizygotic twins = non-identical twins who only share half their DNA Eugenics = a school of thought in which intelligent people are encouraged to reproduce in an attempt to improve the species Family study = a research technique in which the prevalence of a trait or type within laboratory settings Genetic engineering = the manipulation or cloning of the genome within laboratory settings Heredity = the proportion of variance in a given trait or type, which can be accounted for by genetics and the environment Monozygotic twins = identical twins who share the same DNA Targeted mutation = intended genetic mutations are produced in a laboratory and injected into laboratory animals to produce the desired mutation Twin study = the comparison of siblings on a specific measure to assess heredity Comparative psychology = an approach in psychology, which is concerned with the general biology of behaviour and performs comparisons across species Ethological research = a research technique in which animals are studied in their natural environment with little intervention by the researcher Cross-cultural study = the study and comparison of groups and people from different cultural backgrounds
Ingezonden op 27-05-2014 - 1040x bekeken.
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