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Diversen aardrijkskunde

18 Coasts

Jaar 4 (aso)

coast= a point of contact between land and sea
fetch= the maximum distance over which a wave travels is known as the fetch
swash= water moves up the beach as swash
backwash= water drains down the beach as backwash
wave erosion= causes beaches to retreat
wave deposition= causes beaches to advanceCorrasion = (or abrasion) is caused by large waves hurling beach material against a cliff.
Attrition= when waves cause rocks and boulders on the beach to bump into each other and to break up into small particles
Corrosion= (or solution) when salts and other acids in seawater slowly dissolve a cliff.
Hydraulic pressure= the force of waves compressing air in cracks in a cliff.
wave-cut notches= when the waves undercut the foot of a cliff.
wave cut platform= the gently sloping expanse of rock marking the foot of the retreating cliff.
Longshore drift= Mostly, waves will approach a beach at a slight angle. As the waves break, the swash carries material up the beach at the same angel as that at which the waves approach the shore. As the swash dies away, the backwash and the material carried by is moved along the beach in a zig-zag fashion.
Groynes= the slow down movement of the longshore drift and prevents the beach materials from being transported away (it can, however, cause erosion).
a joint or fault= areas of local weakness in cliffs.
caves= are made when waves excavate holes in cliffs.
a natural arch= horizontal erosion (or backward erosion) of a cave will lead to a hole, eventually being created right through the headland, forming an arch.
a blow hole= may be created where air trapped inside the cave will be compressed and through vertical erosion, is forced its way up the cracks to the cliff top. Sea-water and a blast of air rushes through the blow-hole each time a wave crashes into the cave below.
a stack= Continual marine erosion of an arch will lead to roof collapse, forming a stack.
a stump= the wearing away of a stack will create a stump, over time this will be reduced to a wave-cut platform.
wave refraction= as each wave crest nears the coast, it tend to drag in the shallow water near to the headland so that the part of the wave in deeper water moves forward faster. This has the effect of ‘bending’ the waves and concentrating their energy on the headland, causing greater erosion.a spit = a permanent land form resulting from marine deposition. Its a long narrow accumulation of sand or shingle, with one end attached to the land. Many spits have a hooked or curved end.
sand-dunes= when sand is blown up the beach, by the strong winds, the sand will form small hills, sand-dunes.
marram grass= long-rooted grass, which keeps the sand-dunes together. 
a Salt-marsh= is likely to develop in the sheltered water behind a spit, salt marshes are only covered by occasional high tides or large floods (which allows them to be used as pasture land).
mudflats= are relatively infertile and are covered by every high tide.
bar= a spit extended across the bay, formed by longshore drift. it is made of sand and shingle. Bars help to straighten the coastline as they remove indications from the coast. 
a Lagoon= the stretch of water dammed up behind a bar is called a lagoon. 
a tombolo= a beach or spit that extends outwards to join with an off-shore island. Smaller tombolo’s are most common and often the island can only be reached during low tide.
shore bars= (or barrier islands) are detached beaches found between 8 and 40km off-shore. The bars form off-shore where waves break in shallow water.
Isostatic readjustment= during a glacial period, land is under pressure from the weight of the overlying ice. It is forced downwards. When it the ice melts, a huge weight is released allowing the land to ‘rebound’ and rise up once again, this is called isostatic readjustment and takes thousands of years to completely settle in.
Raised Beaches= isostatic readjustment leads to the formation of raised beaches where former wave-cut platforms and their beaches are left as relict features high above the sea. (ex: west coast of Scotland)
Fjords= Fjords are drowned glaciated valleys. During the ice age, glaciers were able to erode the land down to sea level, when the ice melted, the glacier valleys were flooded. (ex: Hardanger fjord in Norway)
Rias= Rias are similar to Fjords but are actually drowned river valleys.During times of low sea level, flowing rivers ere able to erode deep V-shaped valleys. once the temperature becan to increase, sea-levels began to rise,drowning the river valleys, producing sheltered, winding inlets. Humans can use rias for transport, as they provide deepwater ports. (ex: Salcombe, Devon UK)

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Dit komt uit het Engelse Aardrijkskundeboek "The New Wider World" (2nd edition)

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Diversen aardrijkskunde

18 Coasts