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MinnaNoNihongo
› 1 Arts and material culture I
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MinnaNoNihongo
1 Arts and material culture I
Jaar 1 (universiteit)
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The Asuka period= period from 552-645, starts with the introduction of Buddhism from Korea The Hakuhō period = period from 645-710, The Nara period = period from 710-794, Heijō-kyō= Capital in the Nara period, nowadays called city of Nara Shintō= Also named “kami-no-michi’, is a Japanese ethnic religion. It focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past. Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written historical records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in the 8th century. Still, these earliest Japanese writings do not refer to a unified "Shinto religion", but rather to a collection of native beliefs and mythology.[3] Shinto today is a term that applies to the religion of public shrines devoted to the worship of a multitude of gods (kami), suited to various purposes such as war memorials and harvest festivals. Practitioners express their diverse beliefs through a standard language and practice, adopting a similar style in dress and ritual, dating from around the time of the Nara and Heian periods (8th to 12th centuries AD). Amaterasu ōmikami= Japanese sun- goddess kami= deities and spirits of Shinto. Supernatural inhabitants of mountaintops, rocks, waterfalls, or other natural phenomena. Also deified mythological creatures, heroes or revered rulers. torii = gate to a Shinto shrine. Marking the entrence to the sacred precinct. Constructed of two postes capped by two beams that extend beyond the posts, the end of the upper beam flaring upwards Shaka= Japanese name for shakyamuni Buddha, often given as the more respectful Shaka Nyorai: commonly used in reference to paintings and sculptures of the buddha Kannon= East Asian bodhisattva associated with compassion as venerated by Mahayana Buddhists. She is commonly known as the "Goddess of Mercy" in English. Kannon is often depicted as both male and female to show this figure's limitless transcendence beyond gender bosatsu= A buddhist deity able of reaching enlightenment, but who postpones it in order t save human beings from suffering. Kannon is an example of a bosatsu Shotoku= Shotoku taishi, prince shotoku was a semi-legendary regent and a politician of the Asuka period Tori Busshi= Japanese sculpture in the 6th, 7th century. He is the creator of the Shaka Triad. Yumedono Kannon was also made in Tori Busshi’s style, but it is unknown if he created the yumedono kannon. kondō= Golden hall: term used for the main hall of some early Buddhist temples(into the 8th century) pagoda= Buddhist sacred site, a memorial reliquary containing remains of the Buddha or jewels symbolic of such relics. Developed out of the Indian stupa, it is a slender structure with several stories, each marked by the characteristic wide-eaved roof, capped by a tail spire. mandala= A diagram of the spiritual universe. The taizokai mandala depicts aspects of the deity Dainichi, the kongokai the many Buddha fields throughout the universe. A mandala is usually a painting, although sculptures may be placed to show the relationships among aspects of divinity. busshi= Japanese sculptor specializing in Buddha statues. dakkatsu kanshitsu= Literally, hollow dry lacquer; technique used to produce hollow sculptures formed of layers of lacquer-soaked cloth, often supported by a wooden amature. This technique was developed in China and adopted in Japan in the early Nara period. the Heian period= 794-1185, named after the capital Heian-kyo: Fujiwara= The Fujiwara clan dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period (794–1185) through the monopoly of regent positions, sesshō and kampaku Heian-kyō= Name for the City of Kyoto. Was the capital from 794 till 1868 T’ang= Chinese dynasty from 618 till 907 Tendai= New Buddhist school of the heian period, fouded by Saicho Shingon= New Buddhist school of the heian period, founded by Kukai Kūkai= Founder of the Shingon school of Buddhism in Japan. Amida= Literally, boundless light, the Buddha of the Western paradise; Also known as Amitayus, literally, boundless life. Amidism refers to the belief in the deity and is found in various forms from the 6th century on. In the Kamakura period several schools of Buddhist thought developed that revered him exclusively. These schools are known as pure land, or jodo, referring to the western paradise. Fudō Myōō= Fudo is a fierce Buddhist deity popular in Esoteric Buddhism, and the most important of the Myōō, the kings of higher knowledge. Considered a Bodhisattva and a manifestation of vairocana Buddha. He is actually a benevolent figure, his terrifying aspect being an expression of his energetic fight against evil. Jōchō= also known as Jōchō Busshi, was a Japanese sculptor of the Heian period. He popularized the yosegi technique of sculpting a single figure out of many pieces of wood, and he redefined the canon used to create Buddhist imagery emaki/emakimono= literally picture roll and rolled object with pictures, respectively; the two terms are used interchangeably for rolled picture scrolls in a horizontal format, usually called hand scrolls in English; distinguished from kakemono, hanging scrolls. shinden-zukuri= Heian period mansion style. Characterized by a central hall, the shinden proper, where the master lived and received guests. It faced south to a courtyard, garden, and pond; hallways extended out on the other three sides to subsidiary buildings where family members and retainers lived. Wide corridors led from these buildings to the pond, terminating in waterside pavilions. Genji monogatari= 1120s-1140s. Genji Monogatari emaki is exectuted in tsukuri-e (construction painting) technique based on the use of opaque colors and contrasted with sumi-e or ink painting exemplified by Chōjū jinbutsu giga. It is also called onna-e (woman picture) contrasted with otoko-e (man picture) exemplified by Shigisan engi emaki. ichiboku-zukuri= Literally, one piece of wood: sculpture carved from a solid block of wood, rather than made up of several joined sections. yosegi-zukuri= Sculpture construction technique in which individually carved blocks of wood are joined together. The carving is then completed and the assembled sculpture finished with lacquer and gold leaf or paint. yamato-e= Japanese style painting, as distinct from Chinese styles, kara-e; chiefly, colourful and narrative art of the Heian and Kamakura periods that focused on native themes, more often secular than religious. kara-e= Japanese term for Chinese painting styles popular in Japan, originating in the Heian-period. Although the term “style” is used the differences were related to content and function. Kara-e was used for official use and yamato-e for private interiors. tsukuri-e= Painting technique in which layers of flat colour are applied over an underdrawing, after which a fine outline is redrawn; popular in the Heian and Kamakura periods. onna-e= Women’s pictures, a term used in the Heian period to indicate subject matter, such as that of the Tale of Genji and similar romances of interest to women. otoko-e= Men’s pictures; the heian period style typified by the shigisan engi , notable for its ink-line drawing and action-packed scenes, probably the work of professional painters of the imperial court. Artistic conventions used in Genji monogatari emaki: fukinuki yatai= (blown-off roof), the diagonal perspective hikime kagibana= (“a line for the eye and a hook for the nose”), the conventions of painting individual figures raigō= Welcoming to the Western paradise of a devotee after death, by Amida Buddha and possibly one or more Bodhisattvas. the Kamakura period= 1185-1333, period of kamakura shogunate the Nanbokuchō period= 1336-1392 ( the period of northern and southern courts) the Muromachi period= 1392-1573, period of the ashikaga shogunate Minamoto (clan) = was one of the surnames bestowed by the Emperors of Japan upon members of the imperial family who were demoted into the ranks of the nobility. The practice was most prevalent during the Heian Period (AD 794–1185), although its last occurrence was during the Sengoku Era. Taira= Taira was a major Japanese clan of samurai. In reference to Japanese history, along with Minamoto, Taira was a hereditary clan name bestowed by the emperors of the Heian period to certain ex-members of the imperial family when they became subjects. seiitai shogun= Shogun, military dictator of Japan in the period of 1185-1868 Jōdo-shū= Paradise presided over by a Buddha, a transcended realm of bliss in which devotees aim to be reborn and after which, in the succeeding birth, nirvana will certainly be realized. Pure Land Buddhism consists of several main schools that focus on Amida Buddha and his Western Paradise. Zen= popular religion in the Early feudal (kamakura+nanbokucho+muromachi) period. In the Kamakura period renewed relations with the Song China (960-1279). The introduction of Zen to Japan at the end of the 12th c .is the most important event of the times. It developed in China in 6th c. as a blend of Indian Buddhism and Chinese Taoism. Rinzai= Major school of Zen Buddhism: belief in sudden enlightenment (kōan practice and tea) Sōtō= Other Major school of Zen Buddhism: gradual enlightenment (meditation and physical activity) kōan= Study of Koan is one of the main practises of Zen Buddhism: puzzles not to be solved via rational thinking › intuitive enlightenment wabi= Appreciation of austerity, simplicity, and humanity; a love of tranquillity and purity that is classically expressed in the tea ceremony’s rustic and plain, yet precise and elegant garden, room, appointments, food, manners and particularly its ceramics. sabi= Taking pleasure in the old tarnished, and imperfect for their own sake, and as expressive of the ideals of harmony and simplicity; often carries a connotation of loneliness. Like wabi it infuses the aesthetic of the tea ceremony and is seen in the teagarden’s mossy rocks and the tea bowl’s uneven shape and rough glaze. Unkei and Kaikei=Japanese Busshi sculptures of the Kamakura period. They were sculptors of the Kei school, a school(style) of Buddhist sculpture. Jōsetsu= was one of the first suiboku (ink wash) style Zen Japanese painters in the Muromachi Period (15th century). He was probably also a teacher of Tenshō Shūbun at the Shōkoku-ji monastery in Kyoto. He is known as "the father of Japanese ink painting". He made the hyonenzu(catching a catfish with a gourd). Shūbun= was a Japanese Zen Buddhist monk and painter of the Muromachi period. Sesshū= was the most prominent Japanese master of ink and wash painting from the middle Muromachi period. He was born into the samurai Oda family , then brought up and educated to become a Rinzai Zen Buddhist priest. However, early in life he displayed a talent for visual arts, and eventually became one of the greatest Japanese artists of his time, widely revered throughout Japan and China.[1] Sesshū studied under Tenshō Shūbun and was influenced by Chinese Song dynasty landscape painting. suiboku-ga= Ink wash painting, also known as literati painting, is an East Asian type of brush painting of Chinese origin that uses black ink—the same as used in East Asian calligraphy, in various concentrations. An Example of a Suiboku-ga is the “pine trees”screens of the momoyama period. karesansui= Dry-landscape garden, using just a few natural elements, such as rocks, shrubs, moss and raked sand; Traditionally associated with Zen Buddhist temples. kakejiku/kakemono= hanging scrolls with pictures or calligraphy or both in a vertical format, suspended from a wooden rod; distinguished from emakimono chinzō= Formal portraits of Zen masters, either paintings or sculptures. Painted chinzo were often given to a student as a certificate when leaving the masters’ temple. sumi= Black ink used in Japanese calligraphy and painting, introduced from China. A stick of carbon soot held together with glue is rubbed on an indented stone block with a little water to make ink. zenga= Zen painting and calligraphy; a modern term used in two art-historical context; broadly, for paintings by Zen Buddhist priests of China, Korea and Japan; and, more specifically for work – usually bold and spontaneous – by Japanese Zen priests from about 1600s to the present, in which the emphasis is on presenting teachings on the Dharma. the Azuchi-Momoyama period= 1573-1615. The final phase of the Sengoku period, years of unification that led to the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate Oda Nobunaga= 1534-1582 Toyotomi Hideyoshi= 1536-98, Tokugawa Ieyasu= 1543-1615 daimyo= Territorial lords in the later feudal periods in Japan ( from the mid 15th century on), wielding complete control over well-defined lands and populations. samurai= were the military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan. Kanō Eitoku= was a Japanese painter who lived during the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japanese history and one of the most prominent patriarchs of the Kanō school of Japanese painting. He made the “Chinese lions” Hasegawa Tōhaku= was a Japanese painter and founder of the Hasegawa school of Japanese painting during the Azuchi–Momoyama period. He made the “pine trees”screens. Tawaraya Sōtatsu= was a Japanese artist and also the co-founder of the Rimpa school of Japanese painting. He made the “wind god and thunder god”screens Honami Kōetsu= was a Japanese craftsman, potter, lacquerer, and calligrapher, whose work is generally considered to have inspired the founding of the Rinpa school of painting. fusuma= Interior sliding doors or partitions in traditional Japanese buildings, usually a set of panels, that separate rooms or serve as cupboard doors. Constructed of a wooden frame with layers of hevy paper glued to both sides and decorated, they have served, along with the similar constructed byobu as the format for some of the most famous examples of Japanese art. byōbu= Freestanding folding screens, consisting of from two to sixteen panels, but most often pairs of six-paneled screens; made of wooden framed hinged together with paper glued over the surface. Decoratively painted, they are used as movable dividers for large rooms and as ornamentation. shoji = Originally doors, free standing screens and fusuma. The term now refers to sliding screens covered with translucent white paper, usually serving as windows and doors to the exterior, probably developed in the late 15th century and characteristic of the shoin style. shoin-zukuri= style of residential architecture that developed in the muromachi and momoyama periods, characterized by tatami floors, fusuma screens, and interior decorative features such as tokonoma and chigaidana. tokonoma= shallow alcove in a room. The floor of which is slightly elevated from the main space. Characteristic of shoin architecture, it serves as a focal point for the display of art, most often a hanging scroll contemplated by a flower arrangement chigaidana= Shelves in a traditional Japanese room, set at staggered heights. rakuchu-rakugai= The genre of screen paintings called Rakuchu rakugai zu (Scenes in and around the Capital), captures the early capital of Kyoto from a bird's-eye-view. These paintings, which usually come in the form of a pair of six-panel folding screens, captures in detail Kyoto's famous temples and shrines, the Imperial Palace, warrior residences, and various shops as well as the townspeople. chanoyu= The Japanese tea ceremony, also called the Way of Tea, is a Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha , powdered green tea. Zen Buddhism was a primary influence in the development of the Japanese tea ceremony. raku= literally comfort or pleasure; a type of ceramic ware that is lead-glazed and fired at low temperatures and that traditionally is hand-formed. Originally the work of one family of Kyoto potters who produced tea bowls and decorative wares.
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